我國能源結構特點為富煤、貧油、少氣，煤化工行業發展充滿機遇和挑戰。煤氣化技術是現代煤化工的前端支柱，是實現煤炭清潔、高效、綠色、低碳利用的有效途徑，具有重要的國家戰略意義。煤氣化技術規?；瘧卯a生的大量固體廢棄物（煤氣化渣）的處置，是煤化工基地當前迫切需要解決的問題。分別從國內具代表性煤化工基地的氣化灰渣粒度組成、礦物構成、微觀形貌、表面性質和持水特性等理化性質入手，對比分析不同爐型、產地、氣化工藝等條件下的灰渣特點?；以镄蕴攸c的差異化與氣化工藝、爐型、煤種等因素均相關?；以饕M分為硅鋁礦物等，其中粗渣粒度普遍偏大；細渣殘炭質量分數一般在20%左右，且其表面含氧官能團豐富。此外，細渣因其孔隙率高，含水率較高?；跉饣以砘再|，系統歸納了目前報道的氣化灰渣提質方法，提出炭-灰分離是實現氣化灰渣減量化與資源化利用的重要前提。從高效回收微細粒礦物角度考慮，浮選是最合適的炭-灰分離方法，但由于殘炭發達的孔隙結構與含氧親水性基團的存在導致可浮性差，目前生產成本較高；從降低生產成本、提高處理量角度考慮，重力分選方法是首選，但存在分選下限高的問題；而磁力分選則對鐵磁性礦物含量高的灰渣更具有針對性，不具有普遍適用性。綜上分選分離方法特點，研制規?；诌x設備、研發新型高效浮選藥劑與浮選方法及開發高效低耗的氣化灰渣分級分選的聯合分選工藝是后續炭-灰分離領域的研究重點。此外，系統總結了氣化灰渣資源化利用研究進展。建工建材等應用領域可實現氣化灰渣的規?；{，是提高固廢綜合利用率的首要利用方向，但需進一步研究氣化灰渣干燥脫水、重金屬析出等后續問題；生態修復、鍋爐摻燒、碳材料制備、吸附/催化劑制備等領域可實現氣化灰渣的高值化利用，亦應充分考慮市場容量問題。以下游市場為導向，綜合考慮技術現狀、成本核算、市場消納等因素，結合高效分離與分質利用理念，是實現氣化灰渣資源化利用的有效途徑，保證企業效益和環保效益，同時也是實現煤化工產業高端化、多元化、低碳化發展的重要補充。

In China, the energy structure is characterized by rich coal, poor oil and less gas, and the development of coal chemical industry is full of opportunities and challenges. Coal gasification technology is the front-end process of modern coal chemical industry. It is an effective way to realize clean, efficient, green and low-carbon utilization of coal, and has important national strategic significance. However, the disposal of a large amount of solid waste (coal gasification slag) produced by the large-scale application of coal gasification technology is a pain point that coal chemical bases urgently need to solve. Starting from the particle size composition, mineral composition, micro morphology, surface properties, water holding properties and other physical and chemical properties of gasification ash of representative coal chemical industry bases in China, the characteristics of ash under different furnace types, different places of origin, different gasification processes and other conditions were compared, analyzed and summarized. The difference of physical properties of ash and slag is related to gasification process, furnace type, coal type and other factors. The main components of ash are silicon and aluminum minerals. The particle size of coarse slag is generally too large. The residual carbon content of fine slag is generally about 20%, and its surface is rich in oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, the water content of fine slag is high due to its high porosity. Based on the physical and chemical properties of gasification ash, the reported methods for improving the quality of gasification slag were systematically summarized. It is proposed that carbon-ash separation is an important prerequisite for realizing the reduction and resource utilization of gasification slag. From the perspective of efficient recovery of micro fine minerals, flotation is the most suitable carbon-ash separation method. However, due to the developed pore structure of carbon residue and the existence of oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, the floatability is poor, and the current production cost is high. From the point of reducing production cost and increasing treatment capacity, gravity separation method is the first choice, but there is a problem of higher separation size limit. Magnetic separation is more targeted for ash with high content of ferromagnetic minerals and is not generally applicable. Based on the characteristics of the above separation methods, the development of large-scale separation equipment, new high-efficiency flotation reagents and flotation methods, and high efficiency and low consumption combined separation process of gasification slag are the research focus in the  follow-up field of carbon-ash separation. In addition, the research progress of resource utilization of gasification ash was systematically summarized.  Application fields such as building materials can realize the large-scale consumption of gasified slag, which is the primary utilization direction to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste. It is necessary to further study the follow-up problems such as drying and dehydration of gasified slag and precipitation of heavy metals. In the fields of ecological restoration, boiler mixed combustion, carbon material preparation, adsorption/catalyst preparation, etc., the high-value utilization of gasification slag can be realized, and the market capacity should also be fully considered. Taking the downstream market as the guide, comprehensively considering the technical status, cost accounting, market consumption and other factors, and combined with the concept of efficient separation and quality utilization, it is an effective way to realize the resource utilization of gasification slag, where the enterprise benefits and environmental protection benefits can be achieved. At the same time, it is also an important supplement to realize the high-end, diversified and low-carbon development of coal chemical industry.

0 引言

1 氣化渣特性分析

   1.1 粒度組成

   1.2 礦物組成及殘炭含量

   1.3 紅外光譜分析

   1.4 微觀形貌及反應活性

   1.5 氣化渣持水特性

2 氣化渣炭-灰分離技術研究進展

   2.1 重力分選

   2.2 磁力分選

   2.3 浮選

3 氣化渣資源化利用研究進展

   3.1 建工建材

   3.2 生態修復

   3.3 高值化利用

4 結語與展望